AGRICULTURE

WE KNOW THAT FOR EVERY COUNTRY,  IT’S DEVELOPMENT IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IS VERY IMPORTANT TO MEET THE FOOD DEMANDS OF IT’S POPULATION. IT ALSO INCREASES THE ECONOMY OF ANY COUNTRY. THERE IS A VAST DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS OF INDIA AND U.K. BOTH OF THEM ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY.

AGRICULTURE IN INDIA   

Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 16.6% of the GDP in 2009, about 50% of the total workforce.

AGRICUTRAL SEASONS

  

We have two agricultural seasons in India depending upon rainfall occurrence. These are Rabi and Kharif season. June to October is the period of Kharif. During the season rice, jowar, maize, jute and cotton are raised. Rabi season is from November to April. Wheat, gram, barley, peas, linseed and mustard crops are grown in this season. Major crops of Kharif season include rice, millets, maize, groundnuts, jute and cotton. Pulses like moong, urad and arhar are also grown in this season. Arhar takes longer period to mature than other crops. Major crops of Rabi season are wheat, gram, barley, oilseeds like mustard seed and rapeseed. Pulses like masoor are also grown in this season.

MAJOR CROPS GROW

§  Rice:

       Rice is the main grain crop of India. India ranks second       in the world in production of rice. About 34% of the total cultivated area if the nation is under rice cultivation. Out of the total production of food grains, production of rice is 42%.West Bengal, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh are the major rice producing states. Besides, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa, Haryana, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Assam and Maharashtra also produce rice.

 






 WHEAT:-

Wheat is the second major crop in India. It is cultivated in the Rabi season.There was a significant increase in the production of wheat after the Green Revolution. Improved seeds, proper application of fertilizers and irrigation, these three factors are utilized. Wheat is cultivated in areas with mean annual rainfall of 75 cm and fertile soil. The highest quantity of wheat in the country is in Uttar Pradesh. 35 % of wheat is produced only in Uttar Pradesh. This is produced by Punjab and Haryana where production of wheat is on a large scale.

JOWAR:-

Jowar is also an important food crop of India. This crop is grown where the climate is hot and dry with 45 cm.

     Out of the total area under jowar cultivation inIndia , 50% is cultivated in Maharashtra.
Whereas out of the total production of Jowar in the nation, 52% is from Maharashtra. Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu also produce jowar.

      

COMMERCIAL CROPS

  .     Among cash crops fiber                     crops are specially important. Jute accounts for the maximum area and turn out among all the cash crops.Orissa is the fourth largest producer of jute after West Bengal, Bihar and Assam. Rice and jute compete with each other as they require almost similar soil and climatic conditions. Cultivation of jute is primarily confined to the coastal plains of Cuttack, Balasore and Puri districts.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

1.   Increase farmer’s access to markets.

Due to the developments in transportation farmer’s access to markets has increased. Now they can  easily supply their to the markets more cheaply as this transportation occurs free of agents.

   

 2.  Improve public education

   Even if agricultural productivity does increase, it is still likely to lag behind the explosive IT and service sectors. However, the public education system is clearly failing to provide rural children with the skills necessary to enter these labor markets. The demand for skilled workers in India has exploded, particularly in the service sector, demand which many firms are finding difficult to meet domestically due to extremely skewed distribution of human capital.

AGRICULTURE IN UK

   Agriculture in the United Kingdom uses around 70% of the country's land area and contributes about 0.7% of its gross value added. The UK produces less than 60% of the food it eats. Despite skilled farmers, high technology, fertile soil and subsidies, which primarily come from the European Union (EU), farm earnings are relatively low, mainly due to low prices at the farm gate. With each generation, fewer young people can afford the rising capital cost of entry into farming and more are discouraged by low earnings.

 

AGRICULTURAL SEASONS

The four seasons provides a unique pictoral- overview of farming and the countryside in the United Kingdom. Inspired by the ever changing beauty of our landscape it fallows a wide range of activities across the months and seasons. There are four types of seasons, they are :

1. Summer                                            

 2. Winter

3. Autumn

4. Spring               

                                          
MAJOR CROPS GROWN

WHEAT-FARMING AND PRODUCTION

 Farmers have traditionally grown wheats for a number of different markets.A small area of wheat each year is grown as a seed crop and used for the following crop. Wheat is a easy crop to harvest as it stands erect and the grain can be thrashed from the ear to provide a clean sample free from straw and weeds. In the UK harvest starts in early august in the south of England but can be up to a month later in Scotland.

Barley farming in the UK

   Barley is a grass with a swollen grain that is similar to wheat that 
can be ground to produce a flour suitable for the production of bread. However unlike wheat, barley has always been particularly important in the production of beers and ales. Barley is the second most widely grown arable crop in the UK with around 1.1 million hectares under cultivation and today's varieties trace their origins back over 10,000 years to the first farmers.

POTATO FARMING

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are a useful crop that provide high yields of carbohydrate and protein from their tubers. The plant, which is sown in the spring, grows quickly and the tubers can be harvested throughout the summer and autumn months.

TYPES OF FARMING

Arable farming (land that can be ploughed to grow crops) is concentrated in the south and east of the UK where the climate is drier and soils are deeper.

    In the UK there are three main approaches adopted by farmers in their farming system. These are defined as organic, conventional:-

 Organic farming represents around 4% of the farmed area and is based upon the concept of sustainability utilising the farm's own resources.

 Conventional farming adopts modern technology and utilises other inputs such as pesticides and artificial fertilisers while integrated farming makes the conventional approach sustainable. Most conventional farmers practice integrated farming.

    Therefore, countries like U.K. and India have vast differences over their agricultural systems. But both of them are equally one of the most important agricultural countries.

INDUSTRIALISATION

IN THIS 21TH CENTURY, THERE IS A HEAVY COMPETITION BETWEEN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD TO INCREASE THEIR ECONOMY, THERE IS BIG FACTOR TO BE LOOKED UPON THAT IS ‘INDUSTRY’.

INDUSTRY INCLUDES ALLTHE GOODS AND SERVICES THAT ARE PRODUCED TO INCREASE ECONOMIC GROWTH.

INDUSTRILISATION IN INDIA

Industrialization plays a significant role in the process of economic development. Industrialization also helps in satisfying a variety of demands of the consumer's. With modernization of the economy the demand for industrial product has increased considerably. Industrialization brings a change in the socio-cultural environment of the economy. It makes people dynamic, hard-working, mobile, skillful, efficient, and punctual.

TYPES OF INDUSTRY

TEXTILE INDUSTRY

    Textile industry is an old industry of India. India is famous for her traditional hand-woven cottage industry for producing cloth. Gradually we used cotton, jute, wool and artificial fiber like rayon, terrene and polyester etc. to produce cloth and different types of textile industries have been established.

COTTON INDUSTRY

Cotton clothes are more popular in India because of hot climate. Cotton industry uses cotton as prime raw materials. With the help of cotton, sires, dhotis, chadors and sheets are produced. The first cotton industry was established in the year of 1851 in Bombay.

JUTE INDUSTRY:

    The fibred of jute plant is known as jute. This jute is regarded as raw material of jute industry and bags, ropes, carpal, carpet and small ropes are produced from it. The first jute industry was established in the year of 1854 in Risra near the river Hoogly which is situated 23 kms away from Kolkata. Most of the jute industries of India are situated near the river the Hoogly in West Bengal.

INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

There are five major industrial regions in India- 

1) Kolkata-Hugli region (West Bengal). 
2) Mumbai-Pune region (Maharashtra). 
3) Ahmedabad-Vadodra region (Gujarat). 
4) Chhotanagpur region. 
5) Delhi and NCR region.

(A) Ahmadabad Vadodara Industrial Region

Ahmadabad to Vadodara and Bharuch.

(i) Cotton is grown in the region.

(ii) Availability of cheap land.

(B) MUMBAI-PUNE INDUSTRIAL REGION

The major geographic and economic factors are:

(i) Mumbai is a natural harbour this facilitates imports and exports.

(ii) Cotton is cultivated in the region.

(C)CHOTTANAGPUR REGION

   This region is known as ruler of India because of its richness in different minerals and sources of power. The region embraces the parts of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal. The nearness of coal in the Damodar valley and iron ore in the Jharkhand Orissa -mineral belt has attributed to the development of iron and steel and other allied industries in the region. A number of factors favour manufacturing's in the region.

(i) Coal and water power is locally available from local coal and DVC.

(ii) The region is having dense population in the adjoining states which provide cheap labour.

 GOVERNMENT POLICIES

Government has played an important role in industry since independence. The government has both owned a large proportion of industrial establishments and has tightly regulated the private sector. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 gave the government the go-ahead to build and operate key industries, which largely meant those producing capital and intermediate goods. This policy partly reflected socialist ideas then current in India. It was believed that public ownership of basic industry was necessary to ensure development in the interest of the whole population. The decision also reflected the belief that private industrialists would find establishment of many of the basic industries on the scale that the country needed either unattractive or beyond their financial capabilities.

LABOUR

The labour in India consists of about 487 million workers, the second largest after China. Of these over 94 percent work in unincorporated, unorganized enterprises ranging from pushcart vendors to home-based diamond and gem polishing operations. The organized sector include those employed by the government, state-owned enterprises and private sector enterprises. India has numerous labor laws such as those prohibiting discrimination and child labour, those that aim to guarantee fair and humane conditions of work, those that provide social security, minimum wage, right to organize, form trade unions and enforce collective bargaining.

Recent development

  A significant feature of our industrial development has been the phenomenal growth of the public sector. This sector comprises public utility services like the railways, road transport, post and telegraph, power and irrigation projects, departmental undertakings of the Central and State Governments including the defence produc­tion establishments, and a number of other industrial undertakings which are wholly supported by the Central Government. The public sector now contributes about one-fifth of the share of industrial sector in the national income and the surpluses earned by it form an important source of non-tax revenue of the Government. It also offers job opportunities to a large number of people.

INDUSTRY IN U.K.

British industry is a combination of publicly-and privately-owned companies. Since the 1980s, successive governments have worked to privatize most state-owned industries, but concerns over unemployment and public opposition to further privatization has slowed future plans. Examples of industries that remain owned by the government include railways, ship building, and some steel companies. Major segments of British industry include energy, mining, manufacturing, and construction.

TYPES OF INDUSTRIES

 Important sectors of the manufacturing industry include food, drink, tobacco, paper, printing, publishing and textiles. The UK is also home to three of the world's biggest brewing companies: Diageo, SABMiller and Scottish and Newcastle, other major manufacturing companies such as Unilever,Cadbury, Tate & Lyle, British American Tobacco, Imperial Tobacco, EMAP, HarperCollins, Reed Elsevier, Ben Sherman, Burberry, French Connection,Reebok, Pentland Group and Umbro being amongst the largest present.

The Blue Book 2006 reports that this sector added gross value of £147,469 million to the UK economy in 2004.

LABOUR

The growth of the UK business coupled with the lack of experience of the new workers pushed a rationalisation and standardisation of the duties the in workshops, thus leading to a division of labour, that is, a primitive form of Fordism. The process of creating a good was divided into simple tasks, each one of them being gradually mechanised in order to boost productivity and thus increase income.